Many people are under the misconception that the best storm chasing ends with May when, in fact, this is not the case. It is generally true that, on average, the severe storm activity shifts northward as summer approaches. However, the severity does not decrease! Consider a few points about late season chasing:
1) During the early spring, cold fronts sweep through the plains removing most of the low-level moisture so crucial for severe storm development. It can take several days for sufficient moisture to return in the wake of a strong cold front leaving chasers "high and dry" for the duration. If the "wrong" weather pattern is in place, one could suffer through several such cold air outbreaks earlier in the the spring. The result would be very little severe weather activity in April and May. A few years where this occurred were 1983, 1992, 1993 and 1997. Cold air mass intrusions like these decrease in both frequency AND intensity as the spring matures resulting in more potential chase days. Furthermore, in the late spring and early summer (June through July) weak cold front passages actually create an environment very favorable for supercell (rotating) storms in the high plains (the higher terrain of eastern Colorado, Wyoming and western Nebraska) a day or two after the front moves by. In fact, such a scenario is the reason why so many tornadic storms occur in this region from June through July and often through the remainder of the summer months. Email a few storm chasers and ask them where they like to be in June and July!
2) The ultimate source of the low-level moisture so crucial to severe storm development and intensity, the Gulf of Mexico, is much warmer in late spring than earlier in the year. Hence, much more moisture is readily available for storms in the late spring and this moisture can easily take up residence in the high plains, northern/central plains and Midwest where the high-altitude westerly winds are prevalent by spring (these west winds at high levels of the troposphere are also very important for severe storm formation).
3) Since the prevailing westerly winds (often associated with the jet stream) at middle and high altitudes tend to weaken during late spring, storms move more slowly thereby making them much easier to intercept. During the rare early and middle spring tornado outbreaks, these winds can exceed 90 mph resulting in storms racing northeastward at 40-60 mph. This means you may not be able to catch a storm on such a day or, if you position yourself just right, you might get just one shot as the storm races by. Moreover, since weather systems are moving from west to east more slowly in June, often times it is possible to see severe storms in the same area for several days in a row.
4) Many notable storm chasing events have occurred in June and July during our 13 years of chasing. Just to name a small fraction of the very best events:
a) June 1 - June 17, 1990: Multiple severe tornado outbreaks over a vast region of the plains and midwest.
b) June 15, 1992: We chased a massive storm in northern Kansas for 7 hours. This storm produced over 30 tornadoes during its life time and we filmed 9 of them.
c) June 7, 1993: Saw a large tornado (1.25 miles wide at the ground) near Sioux Falls, South Dakota moving north at 55 mph.
d) June 2-9, 1995: The best week of storm chasing ever for me and many other chasers. All the storms occurred in west Texas and the Texas panhandle including many F2-F5 tornadoes.
e) July 17, 1996: A splendid supercell that developed near Webster, South Dakota which produced a very photogenic tornado.
f) June 11, 1997: Large tornadoes in the eastern Texas Panhandle.
g) June 13, 1998: Major localized tornado event in Oklahoma City. Overshadowed by the once-in-a-lifetime May 3, 1999 outbreak.
h) June 20, 1999: Classic tornado in eastern Montana on Tour 4.
And countless other incredible storms which fill the video tape libraries of countless storm enthusiasts.
Are there disadvantages to chasing in the late season? Sure! Here is a table which lists the primary advantages and disadvantages of Early versus Late season chasing:
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Early Season |
Late Season |
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Advantage |
disadvantages |
Advantage |
disadvantages |
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| Jet stream is usually strong leading to more frequent tornado outbreaks. | Jet Stream may contort itself into a configuration unfavorable for storms and drive cold fronts into the gulf. | Jet Stream is weaker so storms move slower and are easier to catch. | Jet stream may disappear completely meaning nothing but uninteresting summer thunderstorms. | |
| Often time most severe thunderstorms occur within a few hour drive from Oklahoma City. | Many storm chasers take their annual vacations in May, so extreme traffic congestion occurs around storms. | Can have several days of great storms in the high plains meaning little travel. Less chasers are out meaning no traffic congestions. |
Roads are sparse in the high plains. There are usually several areas which look equally favorable making for difficult forecasts.
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| The Mexican plateau and the higher terrain of New Mexico are not that hot, so "capping" is frequently less of a problem. | Sometimes there is too much thunderstorm activity (inhibits tornado formation) in one area due to a lack of a cap | Often there is tremendous instability (energy for storms to grow- related to low-level moisture availability). | Sometimes the cap is much too strong so you just get a sunburn! | |
| "Sloshing dryline" sets up many years in the Texas Panhandle resulting in classic supercell events. | Some years, the dryline never makes it out of New Mexico until June. Active dryline years results in a record number of chaser's jockeying for position. | Some of the most prolific Texas Panhandle tornado events have occurred in June. | It is easy to miss the transition from southern plains to northern plains resulting in a "big" busted chase or two as the activity shifts northward in early to mid June. | |
Notes:
1.) The cap is difficult to explain, but briefly, it is a layer of very hot, dry air formed over the elevated deserts (2-4 km above mean sea level) of New Mexico, Arizona and northern Mexico during the spring as the sun heats this region. The prevailing southwesterly winds often blow this hot desert air out over the lower terrain of the Great Plains and Midwest. This provides an effective barrier to thunderstorm updrafts but this barrier is sometimes overcome if the low-level moisture and lifting is great enough. When this happens, big severe storms develop. See my evolving tutorials at tornadochasing.com for a more in-depth explanation!
2.) The dryline is intimately related to the hot desert air plume described above. It is the leading edge of this dry air mass AT THE GROUND and is often a key player in severe storm formation in the plains. The dryline exhibits a "diurnal cycle" (night and day) whereby it moves eastward during the day and retreats at night. Such a cycle often repeats itself for days at a time, thus the term "sloshing dryline"
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